Ghalat-fahmi
Azad Nazm ka Angrezi tarjuma aksar “free verse” kiya jaata hai, jis se yeh ta'sur milta hai ke yeh shayari wazn se aazaad hoti hai — Whitman ki tarah, Eliot ki tarah. Yeh ghalat hai. Azad Nazm wazn se aazaad nahin hoti; balke satar ki mutayyan lambai se aazaad hoti hai. Wazn ab bhi sakht hai; sirf har satar mein ek hi foot count ka hona laazim nahin.
Urdu mein dar-asl “free verse” ke qareeb tareen sinf Nasri Nazm hai — wo wāhid Urdu sinf jismein wazn nahin hota. Azad Nazm in do hadon ke darmiyaan hai.
Nazm ki chaar qismein
Urdu arooz mein nazm ki chaar alag soortein maani jaati hain. “Applied Arooz” (Dr. Azam) inheN yoon bayaan karta hai:
| Form | Meter | Line length | Qafia / Radif |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paband Nazm | Fixed bahr | Fixed | Required |
| Nazm-e-Muarra | Fixed bahr | Fixed | None |
| Azad Nazm | One rukn | Variable | None |
| Nasri Nazm | None | Free | None |
Azad Nazm teesri qism hai — ek rukn, mutaghayyar satrein, qafia aur radif ki zaroorat nahin.
Usool
Azad Nazm likhne wāla shayar ek rukn muntakhab karta hai — un saat arkān mein se ek jo tanha bahr ban sakte hain: faʿūlun, fāʿilun, fāʿilātun, mafāʿīlun, mustafʿilun, mutafāʿilun, ya mufāʿalatun. (AaThwān rukn mafʿūlātu tanha koi bahr nahin banata, is liye Azad Nazm mein istemaal nahin hota.) Phir nazm ki har satar usi ek rukn ka integer multiple hoti hai:
- Kuchh satrein = ek rukn
- Kuchh = do rukn
- Kuchh = teen rukn, aur aage bhi
Tamaam satrein ek hi rukn mein hain, is liye aahang yaksaan rehta hai. Satar mein arkān ki tadaad shayar ki marzi par munhasir hai. Qafia aur radif laazim nahin — chaahein to shaamil kar sakte hain. Rukn apni mamooli zihafaat (mujawwaza tabdeeliyan) le sakta hai, aur satar ka aakhri rukn aksar mahzoof (mukhtasar) hota hai — dono surat wazn mein shumaar hoti hain.
Ek misaal
Nida Fazli ki mashhoor nazm Walid Ki Wafat Par rukn mafāʿīlun (1222) mein hai. Har ibtidaai satar is ek rukn ka alag integer multiple hai:
تمہاری قبر پرمیں فاتحہ پڑھنے نہیں آیامجھے معلوم تھاتم مر نہیں سکتےBuland aawaaz se paRhein — nazm bilashubha wazn mein hai, har hijaa mafāʿīlun ke aahang par baiThti hai. Magar satrein mukhtalif lambai mein saaNs leti hain, nasr ki tarah, guftgu ki tarah.
Taareekhi pas-manzar
Azad Nazm Urdu mein 1930 aur 1940 ki dahaayion mein saamne aayi, Francisi alaamat-pasandi (Baudelaire, Mallarmé) aur Angrezi jadeediyat (Eliot, Pound) ke asar se. Urdu mein is ke baani:
- Tasadduq Hussain Khalid (1901–1971) — is sinf ke bunyaadi nazariya-saaz aur pehle ba-zaabta aamil.
- N.M. Rashid — un ka majmoo'a Mavra (1942) aham sang-e-meel hai; Azad Nazm ke sab se asar-angez shayar.
- Miraji — tajribaati; aage ki nasl par gehra asar chhoRa.
- Faiz Ahmed Faiz — ghazlon ke saath saath kabhi kabhaar Azad Nazm bhi kahi.
Beesween sadi ke wast tak Azad Nazm Urdu jadeed shayari ki ghaalib sinf ban chuki thi, aur aaj bhi usi maqaam par qaayam hai.
Scanner mein aazmaaiye
Scanner kholein, nazm ki qism mein Azad Nazm muntakhab karein, aur koi nazm chipka dein. Scanner khudkaar taur par pehchaan le ga ke nazm kis rukn par mabni hai (ya aap khud rukn chun sakte hain), phir har satar ko usi rukn ke integer multiple par parkhe ga.
Scanner kholein →